Realized Volatility

Author

John Robin Inston

Published

September 25, 2026

0.1 Realized Volatility

Where GARCH and stochastic volatility models infer latent volatility from daily returns, realized volatility (RV) instead measures volatility nonparametrically from high-frequency (intraday) data, exploiting quadratic-variation theory from Stochastic Calculus.

Partition day \(t\) into \(n\) intraday intervals with log returns \(r_{t,i}\), \(i=1,\dots,n\). The realized variance is \[ RV_t = \sum_{i=1}^n r_{t,i}^2. \] If the log-price follows an Itô process \(d\log S_u = \mu_u\,du + \sigma_u\,dW_u\), then as \(n\to\infty\) (sampling frequency \(\to 0\)), \(RV_t \xrightarrow{p} \int_{t-1}^t \sigma_u^2\,du\) — the quadratic variation/integrated variance over the day. RV is thus a consistent, model-free estimator of latent integrated volatility.

Practical issues. - Microstructure noise: at very high frequencies, bid-ask bounce and discreteness bias \(RV_t\) upward; addressed via sparse/optimal sampling, realized kernels, or pre-averaging estimators. - Jumps: \(RV_t\) estimates total quadratic variation, including price jumps. Bipower variation (using products of adjacent absolute returns) is robust to jumps and estimates only the continuous component, so \(RV_t - BV_t\) isolates the jump contribution.

Use in forecasting. Realized volatility is far more informative and less noisy than squared daily returns as a volatility proxy, and is the input series for reduced-form volatility-forecasting models such as the HAR-RV model, as well as for evaluating/backtesting GARCH and stochastic volatility forecasts.

0.2 References

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